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The
Dissolution of the Monastic System in England, Yorkshire in Particular
Any work concerning the religious houses of Yorkshire, or
elsewhere in England for that matter, cannot fail to describe their
sudden and cataclysmic demise. This
was briefly touched upon earlier in Section 1, but demands closer
inspection.
In an act of pure self indulgence, king Henry VIII, by reason
of his need for an heir; for his lust for another woman; and for his
dire need to fill the exchequer; chose the religious institutions of
the country to pay the price. The
whole procedure can be said to have officially begun with the Act of Supremacy, an Act
of Parliament by which the monarch became the head of the Church in
England in place of the Pope, but which in reality had been a
festering sore for a while. This
Act was deemed necessary in order to legalise the King's desire to
divorce his first wife and queen, Catherine of Aragon, in order that
he might marry Anne Boleyn, for it is said that Anne refused to lie
with him while he was still married. Henry, by this time, had become desperate for an heir also, a
task for which his first wife, some six years older than himself, was,
at 40 years of age, too old [in their terms] for child bearing. Queen Catherine had been pregnant for most of the first ten
years of the marriage, from which all that had come was a single
child, a girl they named Mary.
Application had been made to the Pope (Clement VII) for
divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon on grounds of incest,
she having been originally betrothed to Henry's older brother,
Arthur. Not convinced by
many learned arguments, the application was denied, at which point
Henry, likely under the persuasion of his advisors, chose a very
radical and dangerous option. He
not only divorced his wife, but he divorced himself and England from
the power and authority of the Roman church. In
a time of European upheaval, the pope was a virtual prisoner of
Catherine's cousin, the Hapsburg Emperor Francis, and for Henry,
well aware of this political situation, decided that as God's
anointed, as were all kings, his authority was paramount to the
Pope's in any case, because, in the teachings of the Bible, kings
were named in it, while pope's were not.
This then meant that Henry, as the anointed king of England was
superior in God's scrutiny than any Pope ever was.
This was, while logical to the needs of a man in desperate need
of a son, the justification needed to make the break from Rome.
It also imbued the English monarchy from thence with, as it
became known, the Divine Right of Kings, an ethos that would, in a
further one hundred years, lead to the be-heading of a king.
To enforce this new monarchical philosophy, Henry and his
ministers also required the assent of Parliament, but this, while in
the spirit of Magna Carta was also in complete
contravention to what was virtually the constitution of England, and
by so breaking the charter, he became by definition of that charter, a
despotic tyrant. Clause 1
of the Charta states:
"First, that we have granted
to God, and by this present charter have confirmed for us and our heirs in perpetuity, that the English Church
shall be free, and shall have its rights undiminished, and its
liberties unimpaired. The
we wish this to be observed, appears from the fact that of our own
free will, before the outbreak of the present dispute between us and
our barons, we granted and confirmed by charter the freedom of the
Church's elections - a right considered to be of the greatest
necessity and importance to it - and caused this to be confirmed by
Pope Innocent III. This
freedom we shall observe ourselves, and desire to be observed in good
faith by our heirs in perpetuity." [My
emphasis RGH]
It was this very freedom of the Church from royal
intervention that Henry had seen fit to overthrow.
By doing so, he became not only the ruler of all things
Temporal, but of all things Spiritual also.
This was by many considered an offensive outrage, to be
frustrated by all legal means, but it was also a personal choice,
which meant that all such dissenters had to face their choice alone.
Those people for whom the usurpation of the Papal
authority was an abomination, it was now a matter of conscience.
For some of them, it meant the very safety of their immortal
souls and nothing, not even the threat of death was enough to sway
them to any other belief, as can be gleaned from this, for in 1535
it was the year of the execution of some religious gentlemen on just
such occasions.
This
account was written by the Tudor chronicler Edward Hall.
"This
year on 11 June were arraigned in the king's bench at Westminster
three monks of the Charterhouse of London, and there condemned of high
treason against the king, and sentenced to be drawn, hanged,
disemboweled, beheaded and quartered.
One of them was called Francis Nitigate, another Master Exmew,
storekeeper of the same place, and the third was called Master
Middlemore, vicar of the same place.
This year also on 17 June was arraigned at Westminster in the
king's bench John Fisher,
bishop of Rochester, for treason against the king, and he was
condemned there by a jury of knights and esquires (the lord chancellor
sitting as high judge), who passed this sentence on him - that the
said John Fisher should go from thence to the place where he came
from, which was the Tower of London, and from thence to be drawn
through the City of London to Tyburn, there to be hanged, cut down
alive, his bowels taken out of his body and burnt before him, his head
cut off, and his body be divided into four parts and his head and body
be set in such places as the king should assign.
The effect of the
treason was denying the king to be Supreme Head of the Church of
England, according to a statute, The Act of Supremacy, made in the
last session of Parliament [my emphasis RGH].
On
19 June, a Saturday, the three monks of the Charterhouse,
aforementioned, were drawn from the Tower to Tyburn, and there
executed according to their sentence, and their heads and bodies hung
at different gates around the city.
Also
on 22 June, Tuesday, John Fisher, bishop of Rochester, was beheaded at
Tower Hill, and the rest of his execution pardoned.
His body was buried in Barking churchyard, next to the Tower of
London, and his head was set on London Bridge.
This
year also on 1 July, being Thursday, Sir
Thomas More, sometime chancellor
of England, was arraigned at Westminster for high treason and
there condemned, and the Tuesday after, being 6 July, he was beheaded
at Tower Hill and his body was buried within the chapel in the Tower
of London, and his head was set on London Bridge.
The effect of his death was for the same cause that the bishop
of Rochester died for."
The Act of Parliament (26 Henry VIII, cap. 1) confirms that
the king is "the only
supreme head in earth of the Church of England". He is
recognised as having full power, both temporal and
spiritual, over the Church - in fact, greater power than the Pope
himself ever had or claimed to have.
A printed version of the act can be found on pages 243-244 of
Documents Illustrative of English Church History, edited by Henry Gee
and William John Hardy (London: Macmillan, 1914).
It states thus:
Albeit
the king's majesty justly and rightfully is and ought to be the
supreme head of the Church of England, and so is recognized by the
clergy of this realm in their convocations, yet nevertheless for
corroboration and confirmation thereof, and for increase of virtue in
Christ's religion within this realm of England, and to repress and
extirp all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses
heretofore used in the same; be it enacted by authority of this
present Parliament, that the king our sovereign lord, his heirs and
successors, kings of this realm, shall be taken, accepted and reputed
the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called
Anglicana Ecclesia; and shall have and enjoy, annexed and united to
the imperial crown of this realm, as well the title and style thereof,
as all honours, dignities, pre-eminences, jurisdictions, privileges,
authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity
of supreme head of the same Church belonging and appertaining; and
that our said sovereign lord, his heirs and successors, kings of this
realm, shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit,
repress, redress, reform, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such
errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempts, and enormities,
whatsoever they be, which by any manner spiritual authority or
jurisdiction ought or may lawfully be reformed, repressed, ordered,
redressed, corrected, restrained, or amended, most to the pleasure of
Almighty God, the increase of virtue in Christ's religion, and for the
conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquility of this realm; any
usage, custom, foreign law, foreign authority, prescription, or any
other thing or things to the contrary hereof notwithstanding.
It is plain from this Act that any means were to be employed
to justify a severe suppression of religious foundations.
Henry was also able to rationalise his attack on them because
of contemporaneous developments in Continental Europe where radical
reforms of the established Church were also being called for.
This REFORMATION lent weight to many of Henry's arguments
with the established Church, but Henry wanted far more than
reformation, he wanted the dissolution of the church establishment,
its total destruction. First
however it was necessary for there to be a complete survey - a
visitation - of all religious houses.
This visitation was in the north conducted in the main, by two
commissioners named Richard Layton and Thomas Legh [both of whom were
Doctors of Divinity], in the year 1535.
Initially, from this survey only those lesser houses with an
income and assets of less than £200 were selected for closure.
To do this however required another Act of Parliament.
This Act dated November 1536, was the Act of Parliament (27
Henry VIII, cap. 28) in which it is stated that there was
"manifest sin, [and] vicious, carnal and abominable living."
The property of all
of these monasteries (including land, plate, jewels, and vestments)
passed to the king. The
acquisition of the lands, rights, grants, plate, lead off the roofs
and bronze from the bells, was not enough however to sate the king's
avarice . Consequently a
second Act was enacted by Parliament for the suppression of the
Greater monasteries. For
a complete view of this Act, click HERE which
will open a new window.
In
1535,
[Thomas Cromwell,] acting as the
King's vice-regent, organized a visitation of all the monasteries.
Such visitations were common, but they were normally organized either
individually by monastery, if there was particular cause for concern
about the religious life of the monastery; or by the governing body of
the order to which the monastery belonged, if for some reason it was
exempt from the royal visitations. The visitations were, however, cut
short by the Valor Ecclesiasticus**,
a study of all the wealth of the Church in England and Wales, which
was carried out by Thomas Legh and Richard Layton, two of Cromwell's
employees who pursued their job with ruthless efficiency, often
spending only a couple of hours at each monastery they visited.
Indeed, so brutal were they in their treatment of the monks and nuns
that they were singled out for special punishment in the petition that
was to be presented to the King by the members of the Pilgrimage of
Grace.
[ http://www.coursework.info/i/28038.html
]
**Valor
Ecclesiasticus temp. Henr. VIII. Auctoritate regia institutus.
[Valuation of property belonging to the Church made by order of King
Henry VIII] 1535, was edited by J. Caley and J. Hunter into six
volumes between 1810 and 1834, originally in Latin, and arranged by
dioceses.
Doctors
Layton and Legh, visited 121 religious houses in the North. They
travelled over one thousand miles between spring 1535 and autumn 1536
to compile a report on the state of the religious life in the North,
based on five pieces of information: the chastity of the monks,
evidence of the veneration of relics, the financial state of the
house, the name of the founder, whether any members of the community
would agree to give up the religious life to take their place, once
more, in secular life. During this grand tour of the North, Layton and
Legh gained a reputation for their unpleasant manner and rigorous
questioning.
These
findings were recorded in the infamous 'Black
Book' which was read out to Parliament in 1536 as evidence of the poor state
of religious life. This paved the way for the first phase of the
dissolution, the suppression of religious houses with an annual income
under £200.
[
http://cistercians.shef.ac.uk/kirkstall/history/dissolution/ ]
Holinshed
describes these events thus: "In
the month of October, doctor Lee [Legh] and other [Layton] were sent
to visit the abbeys, priories, and nunneries in England, who set all
those religious persons at liberty that would forsake their habit, and
all that were under the age of four and twenty years, and the residue
were closed up that would remain.
Further, they took order that no man should have access to the
houses of women, not women to the houses of men, except it should be
to hear their service. The
abbot or prior of the house, where any of the brethren were willing to
depart, was appointed to give to every of them a priest's gown for
his habit, and forty shillings in money, the nuns to have such apparel
as secular women wear, and to go whither them liked best.."
The commissioners however, perhaps on more covert instruction
from Thomas Cromwell, made more odious investigation; perhaps, it
might be cited, with some justification.
The
following, while predominantly containing those reports from the Compendium
Compertorum or colloquially,
the "Black Book", of the religious houses of Yorkshire, also contains
some from without the county. They
have been included "in toto"
as per "Letters and Papers"
to provide the reader with comparisons, and to enable the reader to
see how Layton and Legh recorded their findings, some rather less
inflammatory than others it has to be said.
One cannot help but wonder what took place at those houses
where so little was reported, and why - were they open to financial
inducement perhaps?. Time
I fear will no longer supply the answers. Some of the language of the time might seem today somewhat
provocative, even after nearly 500 years.
This was without doubt the intention of the good Doctors.
For those of a delicate disposition, the following might be
deemed unsuitable, but for the sake of history, this needs-must be
presented as it was written, therefore the following abbreviations are
hereby explained: sod.
[i.e. sodomites*], incon.
[i.e. incontinent = not celibate].
*Sodomite in this context to be taken as meaning those
who found homosexual or personal gratification. Where Latin phrases are included, it has been attempted to
translate these into English - if any are palpably in error, please
email me the correct translation that they may be amended.
These
are the relevant passages from Layton and Legh's work, as later
transcribed by James Gairdner.
My sincere thanks go to Jean Manco for sending me the copies,
made at Bristol University Library, August, 2005.
"Letters
and Papers
Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry
VIII
Preserved
in the Public Record Office, The British Museum, and elsewhere in
England
Arranged
and Catalogued by James Gairdner, Assistant Keeper of the Public
Records, under the direction of the Master of the Rolls, and with the
sanction of Her Majesty's Secretaries of State.
Volume X
1887"
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Notes
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Entry
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R.O.
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364
VISITATION OF MONASTERIES
Compendium comperorum per Doctorem Layton
et Dontorem Legh in visitatione regia in provincial Eboracensi
ac episcopate Coven et Lichfelden
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Translation
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Abridged
Investigation
by Doctor Layton and Doctor Legh according to the Visitation
carried out by order of the King in the province of Yorkshire
and the Bishopric of Coventry at Lichfield
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Cov.
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Lichfield
Cathedral
- here a pilgrimage is held to St. Chad.
Annual rent 400L
Founder, the King.
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The
records continue with the Bishopric of Coventry until:
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Yorkshire
Priory
of monks
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Burton
alias Monk Bretton - 1 sod., guilty of incest with his own sister and
adultery with married women.
Founder, Lord Thomas Monteagle.
Rents, 200L
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Monialium
means Priory
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Arthington
Monialium - Founder Henry Arthington. Rents, 20 mks.
Superstition: girdle of St. Mary.
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Priory
of nuns
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Hampall
Monialium - Founder, Gervays [sic] Clifton, jun.
Rents, 40L.
Pilgrimage to St. Richard, a saint not canonised.
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Priory
of nuns
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Esshot
[Eshalt]
Monialium - 3 incon., 2 of whom have borne children.
Founder uncertain, because there are so many heirs of
Chr. Ward, the founder.
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Priory
of nuns
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Kirkelees
Monialium - 1 nun "peperit" [has given birth].
Rents, 20L
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Northumberland
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Brenkborne
- Will. Hogeson, prior incon.
Founder Lord Burrowe.
Rents, 100mks. Superstition:
girdle of St. Peter.
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Priory
of Austin canons
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Gisburne
- James Cokrell, prior, and 5 others, sod.; the prior also
incon. With divers women; 2 seek release from religion.
Founders, lord Conyers, James Stangwiche [Stangways],
earl of Rutland, and Wm. Gascoign.
Rents, 700L.
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Cistercian
nuns
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Basedale
Monialium - Joan Fletcher, "peperit". Superstition:
Virgin's milk. Founder,
Sir Ralph Evers. Rents,
18L.
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Handall
Monialium - Alice Brampton, peperit.
Founder, earl of Northumberland.
Rents: 10L.
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Priory
of Benedictene monks
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Middelsburgh
- Founder, lord Conyers.
Rents, 10L.
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Abbey
of Benedictine monks
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Whitby
- 3 sod., 2 incon. Here
St. Hilda is worshipped.
Founder, the King.
Rents: 700 mks.
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House
of Grandimontine monks
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Graunde
Monte [at Grosmont] - 1 seeks release.
Founders, Sir Francis Bigod and George Salvain.
Rents: 13L.
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Priory
of Benedictine nuns
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Yeddingham
Monialium - Agnes Butterfield, peperit.
Founder, lord Latimer.
Rents: 40L.
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Priory
of Cistercian nuns
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Rosedale
Monialium - Founder, the King. Rents: 44L.
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Priory
of Cistercian nuns
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Wykeham
Monialium - Founder, the King. Rents: 13L. here
St. Sytha is worshipped.
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Nunkeeling
Priory of Benecitine nuns
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Nonnekeling
Monialium - Founder, the King. Rents: 36L. Here
they have part of the Holy Cross.
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Priory
of Priory of Augustinian Canons
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Bridlington
- 2 sod., 1 incon. Here
St. John of Bridlington is worshipped, and 3 "lamina"
(laminę?) [sheets/pieces] of the wood of the Holy Cross.
Founder, uncertain.
Rents: 682L.
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Beverley
College - Founder, the King. Rents:
68L.
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Abbey
of Cistercian monks
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Melsa
alias
Mewse [alias Meaux, pronounced it appears not in the French manner]- Founder,
the King. Rents:
298L. here
the girdle of St. Bernard is sometimes lent to pregnant women.
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Nunburnholme
Priory of Benedictene nuns
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Nonneburneham
Monialium - 2 incon. Founder lord Dakers.
Rents: 7L.
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Order
of knights templar
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North
Feribye - 4 sod., 3 incon., including John Bawdewyn the prior.
Founder, the earl of Cumberland.
Rents: 60L.; debt 80L.
Here St. Gatianus is worshipped.
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Priory
of Austin canons
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Haltempise
[sic] - [seen previously, and shown to be unreliable in some
matters] 4 sod., 2 incon., one of them before entering
religion. Founder, the Duke of Richmond.
Rents: 104L.
Superstition pilgrimage to Thomas Wake for fever, and
they reverence the arm of St. George, a part of the Holy
Cross, and the girdle of St. Mary, which is thought to be
helpful in childbirth.
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Warter
- 4 sod.; the prior, Will. Holme, incon.; John Jakson,
guilty of incest with a nun.
Founder, earl of Rutland.
Rents: 120L.
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Swynhey
Monialium - Eliz. Copley, "peperit ex sacerdote"
[ex-prioress due to having given birth].
Founder, Sir John Melton.
Rents: 80L.
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Priory
of Augustinian monks
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Newburgh
- 3 [sod.] "per voluntariam pollucionem" [who are
willing to give up?]. Superstition,
girdle of St. Saviour (Sancti Salvatoris)
, which they say helps lying in women; also an arm of
St. Jerome. Founder,
Thomas duke of Norfolk. Rents:
80L.
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Abbey
of Cistercian monks
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Ryvall
alias
Ryvers [alias Rievaulx] - 1 sod., who desires to be
released; 2 incon. Girdle
of St. Alred, helpful to lying-in women.
Founder, earl of Rutland.
Rents: 300L.; debts 200 mks.
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Kaldham
Monialium - Here they have part of the Holy Cross and a
finger of St. Stephen, which is lent to lying-in women.
Founder, earl of Westmoreland.
Rents: 30L.; debt, 20 mks.
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Yorkshire
priory of Benedictine nuns
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Arden
Monialium
- Incest, Margery Lepton, "peperit ex canonico regulari"
[pregnant because of/by way of, an ordinary priest].
Women offered to the image of St. Bride for coes lost
or sick. Founder.
Duke of Norfolk. Rents:
20 mks.
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Mowseby
Monialium - Founder, the king. Rents: 30L.
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Yorkshire
Priory of Carthusian monks
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Mons
Gratię (Mount Grace) - 2 seek release.
Founder, the King.
Rents: 500 mks.
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Yorkshire
Abbey of Cistercian monks
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Bylond
[Byland]
- Henry Thornton sod., "per voluntariam pollucionem"
[by way of a voluntary offer], 1 seeks release.
Founder, duke of Norfolk.
Rents: 400 mks.
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Westmoreland/
Cumbia
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Shapp
- 3 seek to put off the habit.
Founder, earl of Cumberland.
Rents: 166L.
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Carlisle
Monastery - 7 sod. "per voluntariam pollucionem";
3 incon., including Chr. Slye, the prior.
Here they have a portion of the Cross, the sword with
which St. Thomas of Canterbury was martyred, and the girdle of
St. Bride. Founder,
the King. Rents:
482L.
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Westmoreland/
Cumbria
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Armathwayte
Monialium - Founder, the King. Rent: 14L.
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Cumbria
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Lampley
Monialium [convent]- Incon. Mariana Wryte "ter
peperit" [three times pregnant], Johanna Snaden "sexies
peperit" [six times pregnant], Johanna Muscroff "peperit
ex soluto" [pregnant by carelessness].
Founder, the King.
Rents: 5L. 15s. 8d.
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College
of Kirkeswald - Founder, lord Dakers.
Rent: 71L.
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Wetheral
Priory
Cumbria
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Wetherall
- Sod. 2, "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Founder, the King.
Rent: 130L. Here
they think they have part of the Holy Cross and of the milk of
St. Mary.
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Cumbria
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Lenarcoste
- Sod. 2, "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Here they have the girdle of St. Mary Magdalene.
Founder, lord Dakers.
Rent: 100 mks.
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Cumbria
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Holme
Coltrom - Sod. 5, "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Incon., Will. Watson with 2 single and one married
woman; Thomas Carter, the Abbot, with 3 women; and 6 others.
Superstition: a necklace called Agnus Dei, which
helps with lying-in women.
Founder, the King.
Rent: 700 mks.; debts, 100L.
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St.
Bege alias St. Bee - Sod. 2,
"per voluntariam pollucionem".
Founder, the King.
Rent: 143L.
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Calder
- Sod., Rob. Maneste, Wm. Car, John Gisburne, Matt. Ponsonby,
Ric. Preston, "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Incon. Will. Thornton, cum solute [released at
the time]; Ric.
Preston cum una conjugate et pluribus solutis [at the
time, a single marriage, also maybe more, which seems
customary]. Gisburne
and Preston seek release.
Superstition, a girdle of St. mary, good for lying-in
women. Founders,
lords Copeland. Rent:
64L.; debt, 20L.
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Furness
- Incon., Roger Pele, the abbot, and three others, with "solutę"
and "feminę" [loose women].
Sod., 1 "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Founder, the King.
Rents: 900L.; debt, 140L.
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Cartmell
- Incon., 2; one has six children.
Founder Edw. Grey, heir of the earl of Kent. Rent: 100L.; debt 40L.. Here they have part of the Holy Cross.
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Conyshed
- Incon., 5; one with six and another with ten women; 2 seek
release. Founder,
Wm. Penyngton. Rent:
113L. Superstition,
girdle of St. Mary, good for pregnant women.
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Cokersand
- Sod., 2, 1 "per voluntariam pollucionem". Founder, uncertain. Rent:
200L.; debt, 100L.
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Whalley
- Sod., Ric. Wood, "per voluntariam pollucionem". Founder, the King. Rent:
541L.
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Psalley
- Founder, the earl of Northumberland.
Rent: 220L.
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Lytham
- Founder, the King. Rent:
55L., debt, 40L.
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Horneby
- Oncon., Will. Haliday, prior, with 3 single women. Founder, lord Monteagle.
Rent: 26L.
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Penworthen
- Incon., Ric. Hawkesbury, prior, with 2 women. Founder, the King. Rent:
28L.
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Briscowgh
(Burscough) - Incon. 1.
founder, earl of Derby.
Rent: 90L.
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Holland
- Incon., Peter Prescoyte, prior, with 7 women; John
Codling, "cum Soluta" [at the time, released]; sod.
1, "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Founder, the earl of Derby.
Rent: 65L.
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Norton
- Sod., 2, "per voluntariam pollucionem"; Incon.,
2, one with 5 women. Founder,
the King. Rent:
260L., debt, 200L.
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Cell
of Kersall - Founder, the King. Rent:
9L.; debt, 20 mks.
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St.
Werburga's, Chester - Sod., 6, , "per voluntariam pollucionem";
incon. 2; 3 seek release.
Founder, the King.
Rent: 800L.; debt, 100L. Here is buried
the body of St. Wergurga, and they have the girdle of that
saint, in great request by lying-in women.
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Birkenhed
- Incon., 1. Founder,
the earl of Derby. Rent,
108L., debt, 20L.
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Stanlowe
- Founder, the King. Rent:
10L.
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Nuns
of St. Mary's, Chester - Incon., Marg. Shakelady, "peperit ex
presbytero" [has
a child by a priest]. Founder,
the King. Rent:
100 mks.; debt, 40L.
Here they have the girdle of St. Thomas of Canterbury.
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Madersey
- Incon., 1, who seeks release from religion.
Founder, Ewd. Thirland.
Rent: 60L.
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Yorkshire
Priory of Cluniac monks
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Pontefract
- Sod., 4, , "per voluntariam pollucionem". Incon. 7, including James Thwayts, the prior, with 2
married women; 5 seek to put off the habit.
Conspiracy: 3 have conspired the death of the prior.
They have in veneration Thomas Duke of Lancaster and
his belt, which is thought good for lying-in women, also his
hat (feltrum) [the translation of this word can be
anything from "suck milk from" to fellatio, to expressing
a loud roar] for headache.
Founder, the King.
Tent: 330L.; debt, 20L.
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Yorkshire
Abbey of Benedictine monks
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Selby
- Sod. 18, , "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Incon, 5, one with 5 or 6 married women; 4 seek
release. Here
also they have the belt, as it is pretended, of St. Mary.
Founder, the King.
Rent: 800 mks., debt: 300L.
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Yorkshire
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Sanyngthwayte
Monialium - Incon. 2.
Here they have the arm of St. Margaret and tunic of St.
Bernard, believed to be good for lying-in women.
Founder, the earl of Northumberland.
Rent: 10L.
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Yorkshire
Nunappleton
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Noneapulton
Monialium - Incon. 2.
founder, earl of Northumberland.
Rent: 56L.
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Yorkshire
Healaugh
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Helagh
- Incon. 2. Sod.
1, , "per voluntariam pollucionem".
Founder, earl of Northumberland.
Rent: 80L.
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Yorkshire
Priory of Augustinian monks | |
